Family says Jacob moved his family from Summit Co. Ohio to Ionia Co. Michigan in 1850. Now know family moved to Michigan after his death.
MIGRATION TO OHIO: Jacob Ludwick comes to Ohio later than his father George Ludwick Sr. He is still on the Franklin County, Pennsylvania census in 1820. According to the birth of Jacob's children, Jacob's family comes to Ohio between 1826 and 1829. Jacob Ludwick is on the Stark County, Ohio census in 1830.
CHILDREN of JACOB LUDWICK:
After studying the censuses below, it appears to me that Jacob Ludwick had one or possibly two other daughters. The daughter mentioned in the 1830 Ohio Census could have been close to age 10 so that in 1840 she would have been close to age 20. This daughter is not mentioned on the 1840 Ohio Census.I have a theory or a possible explanation of who this daughter might be. If you look at my notes for George Ludwick, Sr., I have listed some unplaced Ludwicks. One of them is a Mary Ludug (Ludwig) married to a Henry Disk (Dick) 28 March 1839, Stark County, Ohio.The reason I think this Mary Ludwick could be the missing daughter is 1) she married before 1840 which would account for her not being on the 1840 Ohio Census with her father, and 2) in a land record dated Feb. 19, 1845, after Jacob Ludwick dies intestate, Henry Dick, Jacob Dick, and ... Dick, are mentioned along with Jacob Ludwick's other eight children, as his heirs at law. I could not understand where the Dicks came from. A possible explanation is Mary Ludwick had already died at this point, and these are either her surviving children or her husband and children.
1820 CENSUS: Pennsylvania 1820 Census, Franklin County, Warren Twp, page 387 (181,406)
Ludwick, Jacob, (1 free white male age 26-45)
Male, age 26-45, 1 (Jacob Ludwick)
Male, under 10, 1 (Samuel G. Ludwick)
Female, 16-26, 1 (Elizabeth Secrist Ludwick)
Female, under 10, 1 (Mary)1830 CENSUS: Ohio 1830 Census, Stark County, Franklin Township:
Jacob Ludwick
Male, age 30-40, 1 (Jacob Ludwick)
Male, age 10-15, 1 (Samuel G. Ludwick)
Male, age 5-10, 1 (Jacob Ludwick)
Female, 30-40, 1 (Elizabeth Secrist Ludwick)
Female, 5-10, 2 (Mary + Elizabeth Ludwick)
Female, under 5, 2 (Susannah - born Pennsylvania, and Rachel Ludwick - born Ohio)1840 CENSUS: Ohio 1840 Census, Summit County, Franklin Township:
Jacob Ludwick, male, age 40-50
Male, age 40-50, 1 (Jacob Ludwick)
Male, age 20-30, 1 (Samuel G. Ludwick)
Male, age 15-20, 1 (Jacob Ludwick)
Male, age 5-10, 1 (John Ludwick)
Female, age 40-50, 1 (Elizabeth Secrist Ludwick)
Female, age 10-15, 2 (Elizabeth and Susannah Ludwick)
Female, age 5-10, 2 (Rachel and Lydia Ludwick)
Female, under 5, 1 (Barbara Ludwick)Names are not given other than Jacob Ludwick.
I matched family names to the numbers.
BIRTH: Birth date approximated from death date and age at death.
PARENTS: Her death certificate says her father is Abraham Secrist, residence Pennsylvania. She and an Abraham Secrist (who dies in 1850) both live in Stark/Summit County, Ohio. I believe the Abraham Secrist in Ohio is her brother. A record for Abraham's wife, Catherine Cook, indicates Catherine is an heir to a Michael Cook in Little Cove, Warren Twp, Franklin, Pennsylvania. In the Little Cove there is an Abraham and Mary Secrist who I believe to be Elizabeth's parents. There is also a George Ludwick who I believe is the father of her husband Jacob. Jacob Ludwick, in addition, is listed on the 1820 census for Warren Twp, Franklin, Pennsylvania.
MY PROBLEM is I have not yet found a record in Pennsylvania referring to the children of Abraham and Mary Secrist which states that Elizabeth and Abraham were two of their children.
DEATH: The Genealogical Death Indexing System - Michigan (http://www.mdch.state.mi.us/scripts/gendis/individual.idc?UniqueID=220615) shows a death of a Elizabeth Ludwick, died 11 Sep 1880, ledger page 239, record number 20. Place of Death: North Plains. County of Death: Gratiot. Sex: Female. Race: White. Marital Status: Widowed. Age: 85 years, 7 months, 5 days. Cause of Death: From Accidentally Falling Down. Birthplace: Penn. Occupation: Housekeeper. Father's Name: Secrist, Abraham. Father's Residence: Penn. Mother's Name: Secrist, (First name not recorded). Mother's Residence: Penn. Date of Record: 10 May 1881.
North Plains is a township that is in Ionia Co. Although the death is recorded in Gratiot County, since North Plains is in Ionia County, and since the notice in the Ionia Sentinel states she died in North Plains, I'm using North Plains, Ionia, Michigan as her death place.
DEATH: Michigan, Gratiot County, Death Records show Elizabeth Ludwick, died Sep 11, 1880, North Plains, Michigan. (On Gratiot death records so would presume died in Gratiot County, but North Plains is in Ionia County.) Age 85 yr 7 mo 5 days. Born Pennsylvania. Father Abraham Secrist - residence of father Pennsylvania. Volume A, page 98 (985,691).
DEATH: Ionia County Sentinel, Weds. Sep 15, 1880
SUDDEN DEATH--Mrs. Ludwick who was visiting her daughter, Mrs. Houseman, on North Plains, started on Sunday evening to go up stairs. The same stairway leads to the cellar, and she slipped and fell backward into the cellar dislocating her neck, and killing her instantly.1860 CENSUS: Michigan 1860 Census, Ionia County, Ronald Township:
Elizabeth Ludwick, age 65, female, farmer, born PennsylvaniaLiving with Elizabeth Ludwick in 1860 is her daughter Lydia Ludwick, her md daughter Rachel Kouts and Rachel's husband
Edmund Kouts and their three children Sarah E., Frances M., and Curtis D.1870 CENSUS: Michigan 1870 Census, Montcalm County, Bloomer Township:
Ledwick, Elizabeth, age 76, female, born PennsylvaniaElizabeth Ludwick is living with her son John Ludwick and her daughter Lydia Ludwick.
1880 CENSUS: Michigan 1880 Census, Gratiot County, Seville Township, page 4:
Elizabeth Ludwick is living with her single son John Ludwick, and her widowed daughter Rachel Greenhoe and Rachel's two sons.Ludwick, Elizabeth, female, age 86, mother, born Pennsylvania, father born Pennsylvania, mother born Pennsylvania
BIRTH: Born in Stark County which on March 3, 1840 became Summit County.
MARRIAGE: It appears John Ludwick never md. He is shown single age 27, age 37, age 47, and age 66.
RESIDENCE: In 1914 living in Jackson, Jackson, Michigan.
DEATH: # 148 John Ludwick, male, widowed (incorrect), died May 17, 1915, Sandstone Twp, Jackson Co., Michigan, age 85 yr, 9 mo, 19 days. Born Ohio. Occupation laborer. Parents unknown. Michigan, Jackson County, Death Records, Vol D, p 126 (941,629).
BURIAL: North Plains Cemetery records show John Ludwick, buried lot 281-4.
1850 CENSUS: Ohio 1850 Census, Summit County, Franklin Township. John Ludwick is living with Andrew and Mary Greenhoe, the parents of Michael Greenhoe, who is his sister Rachel Ludwick's 2nd husband 20 yr later.
John Ludwick, age 17, male, farmer, born Ohio
1860 CENSUS: Michigan 1860 Census, Ionia County, North Plains Township. John Ludwick is living next door to his brother Jacob Ludwick with his brother-in-law and sister Jacob and Susan Shaefer.
John Ludwick, age 27, male, farm laborer, born Pennsylvania
1870 CENSUS: Michigan 1870 Census, Ionia County, North Plains Township. John Ledwick is now living with his mother Elizabeth Ludwig and his sister Lydia Ludwig.
Ledwick, John, age 37, male, farmer, born Ohio
1880 CENSUS: Michigan 1880 Census, Gratiot County, Seville Township. John Ludwick is now living with his widowed sister Rachel Greenhoe, her children Seymour Koutz and Gilbert Greenhoe, and his mother Elizabeth Ludwick.
Ludwick, John, male, age 47, single, farmer, born Ohio, father born Pennsylvania, mother born Pennsylvania
1900 CENSUS: Michigan 1900 Census, Gratiot County, New Haven Twp:
Ludwick, John, head, male, born July 1833, age 66, single, occupation farmer,
born Ohio, father born Pennsylvania, mother born Pennsylvania
BIRTH: Born in Stark County which on March 3, 1840 became Summit County.
DEATH: Michigan, Gratiot County, Death Records show Lydia Ludwick, died Apr 12, 1879, Seville, Gratiot, Michigan, age 45 yr 4 mo 6 days. Single. Born Ohio. Mother Elizabeth Ludwick. Residence of mother Seville, Michigan. Volume A, page 95 (985,691).
BURIAL: North Plains Cemetery records show Lydia Ludwick, buried lot 281-1.
1860 CENSUS: Michigan 1860 Census Ionia County, Ronald Township. Lydia Ludwick is living with her mother Elizabeth Ludwick and her sister and brother-in-law Rachel and Edmund Kouts and their three children Sarah E., Frances M., and Curtis D.
Elizabeth Ludwick, age 65, female, farmer, born Pennsylvania
Lydia Ludwick, age 23, female, born Ohio1870 CENSUS: Michigan 1870 Census Ionia County, North Plains Township. Lydia is now living with her mother Elizabeth Ludwick and her brother John Ludwick.
Ledwick, John, age 37, male, farmer, born Ohio
Ledwick, Elizabeth, age 76, female, born Pennsylvania
Ledwick, Lydia, age 34, female, born Ohio
BIRTH: Birth date approximated from age at death. Birth place from posting of John Kryder descendants by Vonnie Esterline Henninger. http://www.cas.psu.edu/docs/cashome/agstaff/vonnie/kryderjohn.html
MARRIAGE: George Ludwick and Anne Kryder were md 25 Oct 1827, Stark County, Ohio, by # 103. Volume A, p. 143. # 103 is Benjamin Foust, minister of the gospel, German Reformed, Canton, 1818-1832. Early Marriages of Stark County, Ohio (6,048,955).
DEATH: Grill Cemetery records, Franklin Twp, Summit County, Ohio show George Ludwick, died Aug 26, 1830, age 34 yr 6 mo 2 da. At time of death was in Stark County which on March 3, 1840 became Summit County.
LAND: George Ludwick Jr. purchased land in Ohio April 22, 1825.
Certificate No. 622.
The United States of AmericaTo all to whom these presents shall come, Greeting:
Whereas George Ludwick Jr. of Stark County Ohio has deposited in the General Land Office of the United States, a certificate of the Register of the Land Office at Wooster state of Ohio, whereby it appears that full payment has been made by the said George Ludwick Jr. according to the provisions of the Act of Congress of the 24th of April, 1820, entitled "An act making further provision for the sale of the Public Lands," for the north west part of Fractional Section twenty nine in Township two of Range ten in the District of Wooster and State of Ohio containing Eighty Acres according to the official plat of the survey of the said Lands, returned to the General Land Office by the Surveyor General, which said tract has been purchased by the said George Ludwick Jr.
Now know ye, That the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in consideration of the premises, and in conformity with the several acts of Congress, in each case made and provided, have Given and Granted, and, by these presents do give and grant, unto the said George Ludwick Jr. and his heirs and assigns, forever.
In testimony whereof, I, John Quincy Adams, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, have caused these letters to be made Patent, and the seal of the General Land Office to be hereunto affixed.
Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, the twenty second day of April in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty five, and of the Independence of the United States the forty ninth. By the President, J.Q.A.
G.G. Commisioner of the General Land Office
EXCERPT OF ARTICLE found at familytreemaker.com:
( http://www.familytreemaker.com/_glc_/3663/3663_35.html )
History and Genealogy of the Burgner Family, page 35The real estate of the Jacob Burgner homestead, a quarter section of land in
Franklin township, Summit county, Ohio, was sold by the executor, April 2,
1849, for $3,900--$1,900 cash, $1,000 due April 1, 1850, and $950 April 1,
1851,--to Samuel Ludwick, a neighbor, who bought it as guardian for the
benefit of his ward, Levi Ludwick, son of George Ludwick, deceased, son of
George Ludwick, Sen., deceased, who thirty years previous to this date had
bought an adjoining quarter section of Jacob Burgner. The two purchases
amounted to 328 and 81-160 acres. Levi Ludwick took possession of the
farm and has made it his home during the past forty years. In his anxiety to
raise large crops of wheat he cut down the fine grove of chestnut trees which
had been planted by the Burgner brothers, but he left intact the belt of native
timber on the upland, which still serves him as a wind-break. A substantial
brick house, a large bank barn, convenient out-buildings, well-kept fences
and fine horses and cattle are among the evidences of his thrift from careful
management. A shallow well dug near the house for a cistern, by Wm. H.
Becker, affords a constant supply of pure, soft water, though unconnected
with the house roof and being only a few rods above the old sulphur spring.
Mr. Ludwick is an enterprising horse-dealer and ships car loads of horses to
eastern markets. The old Grill Church at the north-west corner of the farm
has been superceded by a neat, frame structure, built in 1886, by John C.
Bachman, of Hametown, Ohio. The site of the first Burgner school house is
now marked only by a pile of blackened chimney stones overgrown with
moss. The rustic cemetery is well kept and contains fitting memorials of the
early settlers.
BIRTH and DEATH: Birth and death info from internet posting of descendants of John Kryder by Vonnie Esterline Henninger. http://www.cas.psu.edu/docs/cashome/agstaff/vonnie/kryderjohn.html
1830 CENSUS: 1830 Ohio Census, Stark County, Franklin Twp, page 309 (337,951):
Ann Ludwick (I think this is the widow of George Ludwick, Jr.)
1 female 15-20 (I think it's likely the wrong box was marked and the age should be 20-30)
1 male 30-40 (boarder working on the farm?)
1 male under 5 (Levi Ludwick)
Since Ann is listed as the head of the family, the male 30-40 would not be her husband, but a boarder.
BIRTH and DEATH: Born and died in Stark County which on March 3, 1840 became Summit County.
DEATH: Grill Cemetery records, Franklin Twp, Summit County, Ohio, show Rachel Ludwick, d/o George, d. Feb 7, 1830, age 2 mo 1 day. At time of death was in Stark County which on March 3, 1840 became Summit County.
BIRTH: Name and info from IGI. Name given as Rachell Ludwig or Ludwick, born 12 Nov 1798, of New Berlin, Stark, Ohio. Father George Ludwig or Ludwick. If birth date is correct, from order of birth she must have been born in Pennsylvania.
MARRIAGE: Adam Hower md Rachel Ludwig 2 Oct 1832, Stark County, Ohio, by #427. #427 is G. Henry Weygandt, minister of the gospel, German Lutheran Church, license Wayne County, 1828. Volume A, p. 244. Early Marriages of Stark County, Ohio (6,048,955).
1830 CENSUS: 1830 Ohio Census, Stark County, Plain Twp, page 258 (337,951):
Adam Hower
1 male 20-30 Adam Hower
1 male 5-10 Isaac
1 male under 5 Samuel
1 female 20-30 wife Catherine
1 female 10-15 unknown person (perhaps relative of husband or wife)
2 females under 5 Barbara and Caroline1840 CENSUS: 1840 Ohio Census, Stark County, Plain Twp, page 104 (20,177):
Adam Hower
1 male 30-40 Adam Hower
1 male 15-20 Isaac (from 1st marriage)
1 male 10-15 Samuel (from 1st marriage)
1 male 5-10 George (from 2nd marriage)
1 male under 5 Moses (from 2nd marriage)
1 female 30-40 wife Rachel (2nd wife)
1 female 10-15 Barbara (from 1st marriage)
1 female 5-10 Caroline (from 1st marriage)
1 female under 5 Rachel (from 2nd marriage)1850 CENUS: 1850 Ohio Census, Stark County, 191 Div Plain Twp, 3 Sep 1850 (444,724):
Adam Hower, age 51, male, farmer, real estate $7000, born Pennsylvania
Rachael Hower, age 52, female, born Pennsylvania
Caroline Hower, age 19, female, born Pennsylvania (think wrong)
George A. Hower, age 16, male, farmer, born Pennsylvania (think wrong), school within year
Moses Hower, age 13, male, born Ohio, school within year
Amos Hower, age 10, male, born Ohio, school within year
Rachael Hower, age 12, female, born Ohio
The IGI shows a George A. Hower, born 1834, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with parents Adam Hower and Rachael. The birth place, however, can not be Pennsylvania. It also shows a George A. Hower born 30 Dec 1833, Stark, Ohio.
BIRTH: IGI indicates born in Plain Twp, Stark, Ohio.
MARRIAGE: Samuel Ludwig md Mary Ette Dick 15 Dec 1830, Stark County, Ohio, by # 427. # 427 is G. Henry Weygandt, minister of the gospel, German Lutheran, license Wayne County, 1828. Volume A, p. 220. Early Marriages of Stark County, Ohio (6,048,955).
DEATH: Grill Cemetery records, Franklin Twp, Summit County, Ohio, show Samuel Ludwick, born Nov 20, 1801, died Sep 27, 1855, age 53 yr 10 mo 7 days.
1840 CENSUS: 1840 Ohio Census, Summit County, Franklin Twp, page 252 (20,177):
Samuel Ludwick
1 male 30-40 Samuel Ludwick
1 male 10-15 nephew Levi (son of brother George Ludwick, Jr.)
1 male 5-10 George M.
1 female 20-30 wife Mary
1 female 5-10 Eve
3 females under 5 Barbara, Rachel, Mary1850 CENSUS: 1850 Ohio Census, Summit County, Franklin Township, Nov 12, 1850:
Samuel Ludwick, age 48, male, farmer, real estate value $8000, born Pennsylvania
Mary Ludwick, age 39, female, born Pennsylvania (can't read or write)
George Ludwick, age 19, male, born Ohio
Eve Ludwick, age 17, female, born Ohio
Barbara Ludwick, age 15, female, born Ohio
Rachael Ludwick, age 13, female, born Ohio
Mary E. Ludwick, age 11, female, born Ohio
Samuel Ludwick, age 9, male, born Ohio
(This is the Samuel that went to Michigan.)
Rebecca Ludwick, age 7, female, born Ohio
Simon P. Ludwick, age 5, male, born Ohio
Jemima Ludwick, age 3, female, born Ohio
Anna Ludwick, age 1, female, born Ohio
Levi Ludwick, age 22, male, born Ohio
(Levi is not a son; he is a nephew of Samuel Ludwick.)
Heir of Peter Dick in land record signed March 13, 1849. Summit County, Ohio, Vol. 31, p. 308 (854,347)
BIRTH and CHRISTENING: Extracted record shows Marietta Dik, daughter of Peter Dik and Eva, born 14 Dec 1810, chr 3 Feb 1811. Christ Evangelical Lutheran Congregation, Shoenersville, Lehigh, Pennsylvania. (883,684 item 6)
MARRIAGE: Samuel Ludwig md Mary Ette Dick 15 Dec 1830, Stark County, Ohio, by # 427. # 427 is G. Henry Weygandt, minister of the gospel, German Lutheran, license Wayne County, 1828. Volume A, p. 220. Early Marriages of Stark County, Ohio (6,048,955).
DEATH: Grill Cemetery records, Franklin Twp, Summit County, Ohio, show Mary A. Ludwick, w/o Samuel, died Oct 5, 1856, age 45 yr 9 mo 22 days.
1840 CENSUS: 1840 Ohio Census, Summit County, Franklin Twp, page 252 (20,177):
Samuel Ludwick
1 male 30-40 Samuel Ludwick
1 male 10-15 nephew Levi (son of brother George Ludwick, Jr.)
1 male 5-10 George M.
1 female 20-30 wife Mary
1 female 5-10 Eve
3 females under 5 Barbara, Rachel, Mary1850 CENSUS: 1850 Ohio Census, Summit County, Franklin Township, Nov 12, 1850:
Samuel Ludwick, age 48, male, farmer, real estate value $8000, born Pennsylvania
Mary Ludwick, age 39, female, born Pennsylvania (can't read or write)
George Ludwick, age 19, male, born Ohio
Eve Ludwick, age 17, female, born Ohio
Barbara Ludwick, age 15, female, born Ohio
Rachael Ludwick, age 13, female, born Ohio
Mary E. Ludwick, age 11, female, born Ohio
Samuel Ludwick, age 9, male, born Ohio
(This is the Samuel that went to Michigan.)
Rebecca Ludwick, age 7, female, born Ohio
Simon P. Ludwick, age 5, male, born Ohio
Jemima Ludwick, age 3, female, born Ohio
Anna Ludwick, age 1, female, born Ohio
Levi Ludwick, age 22, male, born Ohio
(Levi is not a son; he is a nephew of Samuel Ludwick.)
MARRIAGE: Summit County, Ohio Marriage Records, Vol. 1, p 451 (900,963)
1850 CENSUS: 1850 Ohio Census, Summit County, Franklin Township, Nov 12, 1850:
See father's record for more info.
Anna Ludwick, age 1, female, born Ohio1860 CENSUS: Ohio 1860 Census, Summit County, Franklin Township:
See census for Martin and Rachel Grill. Rachel is Anna's sister.
Anna Ludwig, age 10, female, personal property $871, born Ohio, school in year
DEATH: Grill Cemetery records, Franklin Twp, Summit County, Ohio, show Amos Ludwick, died May 21, 1865, age 13 yr 7 mo 22 days.
1860 CENSUS: Ohio 1860 Census, Summit County, Franklin Township:
See census for Solomon and Eve Secrist. Eve is Amos' sister.
Amos Ludwig, age 8, male, born Ohio, school in year
BIRTH: Name and info from IGI. Name given as Catherine Ludwig or Ludwick, born 29 Nov 1803, of New Berlin, Stark, Ohio. Father George Ludwig or Ludwick.
MARRIAGE: Ohio Sentinel, April 3, 1823, Page 3, Col 2:
On the 13th ult. by the Rev. Mr. Weyer, Mr. Adam Hower to Miss Catherine Ludwig.MARRIAGE: Adam Hower md Catherine Ludwick Mar 13, 1823, Stark County, Ohio, by #426. #426 is John Anthony/Antonius Weyer, minister of the gospel, Methodist, license Belmont County, 1812. Volume A, p. 69. Early Marriages of Stark County, Ohio (6,048,955).
1830 CENSUS: 1830 Ohio Census, Stark County, Plain Twp, page 258 (337,951):
Adam Hower
1 male 20-30 Adam Hower
1 male 5-10 Isaac
1 male under 5 Samuel
1 female 20-30 wife Catherine
1 female 10-15 unknown person (perhaps relative of husband or wife)
2 females under 5 Barbara and Caroline1840 CENSUS: 1840 Ohio Census, Stark County, Plain Twp, page 104 (20,177):
Adam Hower
1 male 30-40 Adam Hower
1 male 15-20 Isaac (from 1st marriage)
1 male 10-15 Samuel (from 1st marriage)
1 male 5-10 George (from 2nd marriage)
1 male under 5 Moses (from 2nd marriage)
1 female 30-40 wife Rachel (2nd wife)
1 female 10-15 Barbara (from 1st marriage)
1 female 5-10 Caroline (from 1st marriage)
1 female under 5 Rachel (from 2nd marriage)1850 CENUS: 1850 Ohio Census, Stark County, 191 Div Plain Twp, 3 Sep 1850 (444,724):
Adam Hower, age 51, male, farmer, real estate $7000, born Pennsylvania
Rachael Hower, age 52, female, born Pennsylvania
Caroline Hower, age 19, female, born Pennsylvania (think wrong)
George A. Hower, age 16, male, farmer, born Pennsylvania (think wrong), school within year
Moses Hower, age 13, male, born Ohio, school within year
Amos Hower, age 10, male, born Ohio, school within year
Rachael Hower, age 12, female, born Ohio
MARRIAGE: Daniel Reimsnyder md Barbara Hower 31 Aug 1848, Stark County, Ohio, by # 162. # 162 is Peter Herbruck, minister of the gospel, German Reformed (Canton), license Stark County, 1834. Volume B, p. 316. Early Marriages of Stark County, Ohio (6,048,956).
MARRIAGE: Maximullian Mytholier md Caroline Hower 9 Oct 1853, Stark County, Ohio, by # 114. # 114 is John Jacob Fast, minister of the gospel, German Ev. Lutheran, license Stark County, 1826. Volume C, p. 75. Early Marriages of Stark County, Ohio (6,048,956).