Fist and Finger Rules
The concept of angular size is explained on the first page of this article at Sky & Telescope's web page.
In the lab, you will be using "crossbows" to make more precise angular measurements. However, you can make rough measurements just sighting along your arm, stretched at full length, and comparing the separation between objects to the size of your hand held in various different positions. The pictures below demonstrate several measures you can make in this manner: